catusharmakkar's blog

You have probably heard people say things like, "This stock is undervalued" or "The intrinsic value of this company is much higher than its market price." And you have probably wondered — how do they actually calculate that?

The answer, in most cases, is something called Discounted Cash Flow valuation, or DCF for short. It sounds intimidating. But honestly, once you understand the logic behind it, a DCF is nothing more than answering one simple question — how much is this business worth based on the cash it will generate in the future?

If you are a CA student, a Chartered Accountant, or any commerce professional in India, risk‑based internal audit is no longer just a topic from your “Auditing” or “Strategic Management” paper—it is a live practice in companies, banks, and even nonprofits.

In simple words, risk‑based internal audit (RBIA) means:

Audit more where the risk is high, and less where the risk is low.